![]() Or American Policy Roundtable, P O Box 360470, Strongsville, Ohio 44136.Ĭondolences to the family may be made here on our tribute page. Or Ohio Christian Alliance, PO Box 3076, Akron, Ohio 44309 Or Canton Baptist Temple (Radio/TV Ministry) 515 Whipple Ave. Find service information, send flowers, and leave memories and thoughts in the Guestbook for your loved one. Per Garry's wishes, there will be no visitation or calling hours and the burial will be private.Ĭhoose Life Radio, P O Box 36622, Canton, Ohio 44735 Ianthia Cornelius (Meeks) Neville, 92, was born on May 31, 1931, in York, South Carolina to the late Harper and Annie Belle Meeks. Browse Oklahoma City area obituaries on. He is a current board member of the Ohio Christian Alliance. Garry was the past President of the Ohio Association of Evangelicals and the past Chairman of the Board of the Cleveland area Fellowship of Christian Athletes. ![]() He served as General Manager at Christian stations in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Akron and Canton for a total of 19 years. was a woman of 'meek and quiet spirit' and 'guarded in her speech' who 'loved the. Garry graduated from the University of Akron in 1977 with a B.A. In the early 1830s the Methodist obituaries were dominated by women. Garry was the President of Meeks Communications Management, founded in 1998, a full-service advertising agency, consulting firm, and radio syndication company based in the Akron, Ohio area. He is survived by his wife of 37 years, Susan and their son, Eric (Sara) of TN. Browse Oklahoma City area obituaries on. He was preceded in death by his parents, Lawrence and Gloria (Fluharty) Meeks. Garry Meeks, 66 of Uniontown, went home to be with his Lord on May 27, 2022.
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![]() ![]() A lot more natural history information has been added to the literature since 1998. ![]() Controlling hunting in both forest areas and the agricultural matrix must be a top priority for conservation. Larger and larger-seeded fruits are consumed by progressively fewer dis-persers, and the largest depend on a few species of mammals and birds which are highly vulnerable to hunting, fragmentation, and habitat loss. Small fruits are consumed by a wide range of potential seed dispersal agents, including species that thrive in small forest fragments and degraded landscapes. This paper updates a review of frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental Region (tropical and subtropical Asia) published in 1998. Seed dispersal is a key process in plant communities and frugivory is very important in vertebrate communities. In situations where ecological information is incomplete or its retrieval is impractical, this valuable resource will assist conservationists in evaluating the role of figs or their frugivores in tropical forest sites. Finally, fully referenced lists of frugivores recorded at each Ficus species and of Ficus species in the diet of each frugivore are presented as online appendices. We explore the concept of figs as keystone resources and suggest criteria for future investigations of their dietary importance. Our dataset supports previous claims that Ficus is the most important plant genus for tropical frugivores. Throughout our examination of the fig-frugivore interaction we consider phylogenetic factors and make comparisons between large-scale biogeographical regions. This dispersal guild structure is determined by interspeci®c differences in fig design and presentation. Whilst at a gross level there exists considerable overlap between birds, arboreal mammals and fruit bats with regard to the fig species they consume, closer analysis, based on evidence from across the tropics, suggests that discrete guilds of Ficus species differentially attract subsets of sympatric frugivore communities. The diversity of fig-eaters is explained with respect to fig design and nutrient content, phenology of fig ripening and the diversity of fig presentation. In most, but not all, cases fig specialists provide effective seed dispersal services to the Ficus species on which they feed. We assess the role these and other frugivores play in Ficus seed dispersal and identify fig-specialists. Among mammals, the major fig-eating families are Pteropodidae, Cercopithecidae, Sciuridae, Phyllostomidae and Cebidae. In terms of the number of species and genera of fig-eaters and the number of fig species eaten we identify the avian families interacting most with Ficus to be Columbidae, Psittacidae, Pycnonotidae, Bucerotidae, Sturnidae and Lybiidae. In addition to a small number of reptiles and fishes, 1274 bird and mammal species in 523 genera and 92 families are known to eat figs. Explanations are presented for geographical and taxonomic gaps in the otherwise extensive literature. Records of frugivory from over 75 countries are presented for 260 Ficus species (approximately 30%of described species). Moraceae) by vertebrates is reviewed using data from the literature, unpublished accounts and new field data from Borneo and Hong Kong. The consumption of figs (the fruit of Ficus spp. ![]() Face-to-face anal has the added bonus of extra stimulation for a woman: breasts, clitoris, go crazy! Once again - as the partner on top, you can control depth of penetration to stay comfy. Start with your partner sitting as you mount his lap, face-to-face. This position is preferred if you are looking for extra intimacy during the act. She drives her butt and hips up and down at her own pace as he reaches around to fondle her breasts or rub her clitoris.” Face to face Image: SheKnows Design He remains static as she lowers herself onto his head and takes a few deep breaths before sliding farther down his shaft. ![]() ![]() He assumes the same position behind her and adjusts his height so that the head of his rests below her bum. She places her hands on her knees or the bed for support. Jess explains, “She assumes a kneeling position with her butt cheeks on her heels and her knees spread wide open. She recommends the modified doggy to give the receptive partner more control, support intimacy and provide the opportunity for double penetration. Jess has a different take on doggy-style anal sex. Always use plenty of lube and proceed slowly and gently.” Ransom adds, “Rub and stimulate your clitoris too to make it even more pleasurable.” The couple says, “Anal sex should never be painful. Patricia Johnson and Mark Michaels, co-authors of Designer Relationships, Partners in Passion, Great Sex Made Simple, Tantra for Erotic Empowerment and The Essence of Tantric Sexuality, recommend doggy style for first-timers and those who may have had an unpleasant experience before. Getting busy on all fours may be your best bet if you have attempted and found anal painful in the past. As the partner on the bottom, you can stay loose as you control penetration to increase pleasure. This position is most often associated with anal because it has major advantages. Her hand becomes an extension of her butt while providing a physical buffer to ensure only shallow penetration.” Jess, Ph.D.), author, international speaker and PlayboyTV’s sexologist, offers an alternative to the cowgirl in her book The New Sex Bible, “If she doesn’t like the sensation of deep penetration, but he desires more stimulation against the base of his shaft, she can reach backwards with a warm, wet hand to grasp the lower half of his shaft. It helps to have had an orgasm already and be highly aroused.” Remember to go at an easy pace and stay relaxed. She explains, “This position will allow you to control the pace and depth that his penis goes inside of you. Pro tip: Make sure your bottom partner does not begin to thrust until you’re good and ready.Ĭertified Master Sex Expert and Educator, Sex Coach and “So Tight” Sensual Fitness Personal Trainer Nikki Ransom endorses the cowgirl position for anal newbies. In the traditional cowgirl position, your partner lies down while you mount on top - yeehaw! As the partner on top, you can ease into anal penetration by moving up or down as needed. Cowgirl (or cowboy) Image: SheKnows Design We checked in with some experts and asked them to take the mystery out of anal sex for beginners, and they schooled us on some positions that can help ease you into your first time to actually make it an enjoyable experience.Īrm yourself with these tips and a lot of lube, and you’re on your way to one kick-ass time. After all, some studies have found that mutual satisfaction was high across the gender orgasm gap in a sexual encounters that included anal, as FiveThirtyEight’s Mona Chalabi wrote in 2015: “100 percent of men and 94 percent of women say they orgasmed during encounters in which they received anal sex.” This could be because anal is something that requires a bit more foreplay and preparation to execute well or that the people who are having anal sex are maybe a bit more concerned with getting their partner off. But our greatest fears often lie in anticipation, and once you give anal a go, you might just find that you’ve been missing out on something that can actually be really hot and satisfying. Please also note that once you have bought the design, intellectual property remains for the Astro Tattoo and it would be a legal breach if posted online or resold or used for any other intentions other than getting the design tattooed. You will receive a certificate of authenticity from Astro Tattoos proving that this design has been approved for tattooing by the author. The full resolution HD design files will be delivered instantly after the purchase has been made. A buttercup flower tattoo can represent their nurturing side, while butterfly wings add an ethereal touch. Adding an aster tattoo can symbolize love and devotion for those born between August 23 and September 22. If you don’t have a PayPal account, you can also pay with a credit card through the platform. The birth flower of Virgo is the aster, which is supposed to be formed from Astraea’s tears mixed with stardust. ![]() To receive the design, the payment in full must be done through PayPal. Placement fit: forearm, back, ribs, calf, thigh, upper back, spine, shoulder Done with the Virgo zodiac flower, buttercup, along with beautiful mandala pattern surrounding the Virgo glyph (main symbol). The lack of shading and a simplistic design make it a good match for a first tattoo. The tattoo can be done in plain black, or red for more color pop. The placement can be versatile, but it does require a larger body part to support the design (forearm, back, ribs, calf, thigh, upper back, spine, shoulder). This Virgo tattoo is great for sizes 5-10 inch. Done with the Virgo zodiac flower, buttercup, along with beautiful mandala pattern surrounding the Virgo glyph (main symbol). Like, I said at the beginning Virgo tattoo designs are far and few between, so be kind to yourself and choose the best.Elegant Virgo zodiac tattoo design. Loyalty is a hallmark of the earth signs, and Virgo is no exception. Chrysanthemums come in a wide range of colors, and different colors have different symbolic meanings, but they all circle the same themes: love, loyalty, and friendship. These are just a few options, but being a Virgo, looking for Virgo tattoo designs, I'm sure that you won't be able to just take my word for it, you'll have to do the research for yourself.Īll I advise is that you choose an online tattoo gallery site that offers the widest choice possible, so that you're not disappointed or palmed off with a design that everyone's having. Daffodil is a birth flower for March, December, Aries, Pisces, Virgo. ![]() So you could incorporate, some or all of these with the glyph or 'Virgo' name. Color associations are green and dark brown. Mercury is your ruling planet & once again, the glyph for this planet is very decorative.Īnimals associated with Virgo are cats & dogs. Elegant Virgo tattoo design with mandala and a flower, custom made by Astro Tattoos resident artist. But there are other symbols also associated with Virgo that you might also be interested in. Many online gallery sites have this sort of thing on their databases, in lots of different handwriting styles. Of course, you could just have the word 'virgo'. Any tattoo online gallery will have a picture of it. This is quite unusual, it looks like an 'm' but the last leg has another' leg' crossed over it. Well, you could have the glyph for Virgo (the short-hand symbol, that astrologer's use). ![]() If you don't what other choices are open to you? Now, you may or may not want that symbol as your tattoo. The symbol associated with your astrological sign is the virgin. If you were born between 24th August & 22nd September, then western Astrology makes you a Virgoan. Virgo tattoo designs are far and few between out there, so you're probably struggling a little to find an appropriate design that you're happy with. ![]() Nikon intends to continue to expand and strengthen the NIKKOR lineup with the steady release of new, high-performance lenses that offer advanced functions. Nikon 20-35mm f/2.8D (about 600 used) The 20-35mm was Nikons first ultra-wide zoom, made from 1993-2001 before the 17-35mm. ![]() Nikon has long had the support of professional and advanced amateur photographers for its consistent development of innovative products that respond to the demands of users and are equipped with the optical technologies Nikon has spent years cultivating as a manufacturer of optical devices. What's more, the SWM means that autofocus shooting is also possible when the lens is used with entry-level Nikon DX-format digital-SLR cameras such as the D5100 and D3100, which are not equipped with an autofocus drive motor. Leica Leitz 21mm F2. The built-in Silent Wave Motor (SWM) ensures quiet autofocus operation. Used Lenses for Nikon - Autofocus Used DSLR Full Frame (FX) Lenses Used DSLR APS-C (DX) Lenses Used Mirrorless Z Series Lenses Used Teleconverters &. Leica Leitz Summilux-M 35mm F1.4 ASPH Manual Focus Rangefinder Lens Black 11663 Used Condition: VG VG-O Add to cart Nikon Nikkor AF-S 200mm F2 VR Telephoto Autofocus Prime. A new optical design that enables f/1.8 maximum aperture brightness and utilizes an aspherical lens element has been adopted for this lens, which achieves superior rendering performance for excellent image quality even with shooting in dimly lit indoor settings. The AF-S NIKKOR 50mm f/1.8G offers the pleasing blur characteristics and three-dimensional rendering capabilities possible only with a fixed focal length (prime) lens at a very reasonable price. Nikon 50mm f/1.8G AF-S Nikkor Lens (Suitable for ALL Nikon FX and DX Digital SLR Cameras) with 58mm MC UV Filter (S/N: 2438741) (Near New Condition!) Conditions ![]() Loyal, cocky, impulsive, kind, confident, outspoken, courageous, friendly, brave, heroic, caring, devoted, clumsy, supportive He comes across a lost citizen who was searching for her granddaughter who went missing in the forest. Frustrated at his uncle's remark, Freddy decides to prove that he was Howlington material by having Batty tape his escapade to aid a human in need. Flasheart states to his brother since times have changed, the pack must change as well. His uncle, Hotspur doesn't approve the idea of having a dog enroll at Howlington Academy. Take a look at these dog coloring pages.A young Freddy was accompanying his father and several members of the council of elders during their duties of protecting Milford from the shadows.ġ00% Wolf: Legend of the Moonstone Season 1 įreddy explains the history of the feud between dogs and werewolves and how things have changed since the past.Download & print these cute puppy coloring pages.If you love Charlie Brown, you’ll love these Snoopy coloring pages too – isn’t Snoopy the ultimate dog?.Make this simple dolphin drawing and then color!.Download & print the bee coloring pages that also include a coloring tutorial.Check out these easy mandalas to color.We have more zentangle fun! This zentangle zebra is so beautiful.We have the best collection of coloring pages for kids and adults!.More Coloring Pages & Printables from Kids Activities Blog Make a white wolf, grey wolf, or even a black wolf! You can even come up with some wolf names for your wolf. Which is perfect, because it won’t feel scary for young children. These howling wolf coloring pages make such a dangerous creature so cute. It’s not only a fun way to color and have an enjoyable afternoon, but it is also great fine motor skills practice. Oh, and don’t forget about the Little Pigs stories. It would be fun to use these to color the big bad wolf. And you can use this wolf picture to go alongside with story time. Most of us may know about wolves from the Little Red Riding Hood story. More About Wolves and Why We Love These Wolf Coloring Pages The printed wolf coloring pages template pdf - see grey button to download & print.(Optional) Something to glue with: glue stick, rubber cement, school glue.(Optional) Something to cut with: scissors or safety scissors.Something to color with: favorite crayons, colored pencils, markers, paint, water colors….REcommended SUPPLIES FOR WOLF COLORING SHEETS This coloring page is sized for standard letter printer paper dimensions – 8.5 x 11 inches.ĭownload our Wolf Coloring Pages Here Let’s howl at the moon with these fun free wolf coloring pages! Download & Print Free Wolf Coloring Pages pdf Here There’s lots of empty space so older kids can add other details like rocks or clouds. Our second wolf coloring page features a fluffy wolf watching over the mountains and contemplating the full moon. Cute & Iconic Wolf Coloring Page Download this wolf coloring page for a colorful activity. With the tree pines behind it, the scene looks so majestic and really shows that wolves are magnificent animals. Our first wolf coloring page features a lone wolf howling at the full moon. Related: How to draw a wolf WOlf Howling at the Moon Coloring Page Adorable wolf howling at the moon coloring picture for kids! That is why we have a pet dog! So cool, right? Older children and younger children are going to love these printable coloring pages. It is believe an indigenous tribe that domesticated the wolf which in turn created our domesticated dogs. The male wolves will fight to be the alpha male. Speaking of packs, this seems perfect for celebrating wolves! Download the wolf coloring page set by clicking the gray button:ĭid you know that the wolf is the nearest canine cousin? Also, there is a familial dynamics of a pack. Today we are celebrating the wolf, wild animals with this printable wolf coloring page pack that has two pages of simple sketches. Our wolf coloring pages are so much fun to color! Free Printable Wolf Coloring Pages Download and print these wolf coloring pages and color them anyway you want! Color each coloring sheet anyway you want! Use our wolf coloring pages at home or in the classroom. Kids of all ages will enjoy coloring the howling wolf and moon coloring pages. These free printable wolf coloring pages are super cute. 100s of Fun Science Activities for Kids. Summary writing uses the same best tips for all good writing. Still, to condense 281 pages into one requires a lot of cutting, so each key event is given just a sentence or two, consisting of only the need-to-know information. It’s far more detailed, too, mentioning secondary characters and adding more context to the plot events. ![]() Īs you can see, this summary is about the length of a page. Most summaries, though, are longer than a sentence, like this multi-paragraph summary example for the novel To Kill a Mockingbird from SparkNotes. To summarize a two-hour movie in a single sentence requires broad strokes there’s only room for the bare essentials. The main characters are mentioned-at least the protagonist and antagonist-and there is some description given about the types of events, such as “psychological and physical tests.” Right away, you’ll notice that the specific events of the movie are omitted and replaced by a general explanation of what happens. When the menace known as the Joker wreaks havoc and chaos on the people of Gotham, Batman must accept one of the greatest psychological and physical tests of his ability to fight injustice. On IMDb, the summary for the 2008 movie The Dark Knight is just a sentence long: Let’s look at some summary examples of famous works to see what constitutes a strong summary. Learning how to write a good LinkedIn summary can help you land your dream job! Summary examples: What makes a good summary Even finding a job requires you to summarize your own professional background and work experience. Really, everyone needs to know how to write a summary at one point or another. Academics use summaries all the time for research papers when they write an abstract, which is essentially a summary of an entire research paper. Summaries appear in many different shapes and forms, including book reports and other school papers. ![]() However, for academic papers and more formal writing, summary writing leans towards factual and clinical. If it’s written for commercial purposes, such as the summaries on Netflix, it might be intentionally alluring and withhold spoilers. The key to summary writing is to stick to the facts do not include opinions, analysis, or bias. A summary example of Hamlet would mention the main plot points like the murder of Polonius, but wouldn’t mention details irrelevant to the plot, like Polonius’s “to thine own self be true” monologue. Summary writing is like a highlight reel, showing only the best parts and ignoring what’s not strictly necessary. ![]() Summaries are usually short, from one or two sentences to a paragraph, but if you’re summarizing an enormous work, like all seven Harry Potter books, they can stretch out over pages. Really, a summary is a general term used to describe any writing that briefly explains, or “summarizes,” a larger work like a novel, academic paper, movie, or TV show. But first, let’s look at the big question: What is a summary? We share some summary examples and list out the steps. In this quick guide, we explain how to write a summary like an expert. ![]() The recovery costs charged for the first payment demand can be Recovery costs related to a payment demand In addition, at least 21 days prior to that eventuality, the debtor must be sent a request for repayment in which that threat is mentioned. After a delay of 60 days, however, an unpaid consumer credit can result in a payment default entry in your credit history if this possibility is mentioned in your credit agreement. Recovery costs related to a payment demand may only be charged if at least 14 days have passed from the date on which the previous payment reminder or demand was sent.Ī payment demand does not yet mean that you will have a payment default entry in your credit history. The agency will continue the collection process by sending you a payment demand.Ī payment demand may not be sent until the debt is overdue, you have been reminded of the debt, and at least 14 days have passed since a payment reminder was sent to you. If you have not paid the overdue debt after receiving the creditor’s payment reminder(s), the creditor may transfer the debt collection to a professional body, such as a collection agency. * Note! The creditor may start legal collection without sending any payment reminders at all. The collection must be organised in such a way that payments made after the due date are also taken into account without delay. ![]() If you pay a debt after the due date but before you have received a debt collection letter, the recovery costs must be paid if the creditor has, before being informed of payment. At most EUR 5 can be charged for each written payment reminder.Ī payment reminder does not yet mean that you will have a payment default entry in your credit history. You may only be charged for the costs of sending a second payment reminder if at least 14 days have passed since the first reminder was sent. ![]() The first reminder for which you will be charged may be sent to you at the earliest 14 days after the due date. The creditor usually sends out one or two payment reminders. *Ī payment reminder is usually a reminder invoice or other notice from the creditor that the overdue debt has still not been paid. If you do not pay the invoice by the due date, you will receive one or two payment reminders. ![]() However, using these cheats is only fun during the most crucial times because increasing your sim’s skill level by working towards it is also an essential aspect of the game. These are all the Sims 4 skill cheat that you’d require no matter which path you choose because this list contains the skills cheats regarding all the skills that your sim might be in the process of achieving or wishes to succeed in later on. For instance, 5 is the maximum skill level that a sim can achieve in the Selvadoradian local culture skill, so its code would be – t_skill_level Minor_LocalCulture 5. If you wish to max out skill Sims 4, then input the highest level that the particular skill offers in place of X, and you can max all skills at once. Veterinarian skill (The Sims 4 Cats and Dogs) Snowboarding skills(The Sims 4 Snowy Escape) Rock Climbing skill(The Sims 4 Snowy Escape) Research and Debate skill(The Sims 4 Discover University) Robotics skill(The Sims 4 Discover University) Juice Fizzing skill(The Sims 4 Eco Lifestyle) You can even retire your elder sims from their careers with the retire cheat where they’ll get to live the rest of their life in peace. t_skill_level Major_Fabrication Xįabrication skill(The Sims 4 Eco Lifestyle) t_skill_level retail_workethic t_skill_level retail_maintenance t_skill_level retail_sales X Skating skill (It’s a hidden skill)(The Sims 4 Seasons) Selvadoradian Culture skill(The Sims 4 Jungle Adventure) Rock Climbing skill (It’s a hidden skill)(The Sims 4 Fitness Stuff) ![]() Pet Training skill(The Sims 4 Cats & Dogs) Media Production skill(The Sims 4 Get Famous) Herbalism skill(The Sims 4 Outdoor Retreat) Handiness skill (Woodworking, Pumpkin Carving) t_skill_level statistic_skill_AdultMajor_FlowerArranging Xįlower Arranging skill(The Sims 4 Seasons) t_skill_level Major_Archaeology XĪrchaeology skill(The Sims 4 Jungle Adventure)īowling skill(The Sims 4 Bowling Night Stuff) This way, your sim would achieve level 8 in acting skills. For instance, t_skill_level Major_Acting 8. The ‘X’ in these cheat codes is where you can input the level you wish your sim to achieve through this shortcut. Here’s a list of all the cheats you can use for various purposes. ![]() Now let’s move on to the vital part of this feature, which is the cheat codes. Even if you don't want to use it to add traits, you can use it to remove traits, or both. His description page is self explanatory. Just type in 0 for the ones you don't want. Type testingcheats on after this step, and once the cheats are enabled using this method, a dialogue box will pop up where you can input the cheat codes. You click on the Sim > MC Command Center > Cheats > Skills and you can adjust the levels of each one. Use this if you want to max out Creativity skill for kids. For Xbox One and Xbox Series X users – Hold all four shoulder buttons at the same time. If you’d like to improve the children, then check these out: Cheat Code.As an example, type tskilllevel majorpainting 7 to set painting. For PS4 and PS5 users – Press all four shoulder buttons simultaneously You must put a skill and level in the code.Skills cheat PC users – Ctrl + Shift + C.Before we discuss the various skill cheats that you can use in the game, let’s know how to enable those cheats first. In the Edo period, the length of a Japanese sword (josun: the length of a sword a samurai could carry) was fixed by the shogunate, even for those who had a sword belt, and was limited to 2 shaku 3 sun 5 min (about 28"). ![]() Many of the katanas that survive today are new katanas made during these periods, with an average weight of about 2lbs. During the Edo period (1603-1867), katana smiths began to congregate in large cities such as Edo and Osaka because of the stable supply of high quality materials. Until then, the Japanese katana was a necessity for protection and could be owned by anyone regardless of status, but due to the sword hunting ordinance, only samurai were allowed to own a katana. When fighting ceased in the Edo period, the Japanese katana changed from a weapon to a symbolic object representing samurai status. Shintō refers to Japanese swords made between the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the mid-Edo period in 1763 (Horeki 13). Therefore, it is believed that only about 30-40% of existing katanas are ancient. In addition, many Japanese katanas were consumed by war. Since the end of the Muromachi period (1333-1573), the length of ancient katanas has gradually decreased as the traditional long, deeply curved and graceful style has been replaced by a more practical style. For example, the "Taro-Tachi" (sword with handle) in the collection of Atsuta Shrine in Aichi Prefecture is over 7 shaku 3 sun (87") long and weighs 9lbs. 8.7 oz However, during the Nanbokucho period (1644-1644), Japanese long swords became popular and many "otachi" (big swords) with a blade longer than 3 shaku (about 35.4") were made, and the weight of these swords increased. ![]() To be able to cut and break through highly defensive armor, Japanese katanas had to be strong, but at the same time heavy and practical enough to be handled easily.Ī typical ancient sword measures about 2 shaku 3 sun (about 27.5") and weighs between 5.1 oz and. The forging method used for koto is different from that used for shin-to (new swords), but the details of the technique are not known.įrom the middle of the Heian period to the Muromachi period (1336-1573), when the ancient katana was mainly used in horseback fighting, it had to be practical and easy to handle when wearing armor. The koto (ancient sword) is a Japanese sword made during a period of about 700 years, from the middle of the Heian period after 901 to 1595, just before the Edo period (1603-1868). Changes in time and weight of Japanese swords Considering that they moved on foot, it would have taken considerable strength to carry a Japanese sword around the waist on a daily basis. The average weight of a sword with only the hilt and the tsuba attached to the blade was about 3.2lbs, with the heaviest swords weighing about 5lbs. To carry a Japanese sword, a number of parts are needed, including the scabbard and the hilt (tsuka: the handle of a Japanese sword) in addition to the sword itself (toshin: the drawn blade). The inside of a Japanese sword is therefore not a solid object, but is made of many thin layers of steel, and despite its thin appearance, the sword is very heavy. The smith strikes the steel repeatedly to stretch it, then laminates it to create a denser sword. The original material is high quality iron sand, which is then melted down in the traditional Japanese tatara method to produce tamahagane, the core material of the Japanese sword. The Japanese katana, a long thin blade, is made by repeatedly bending and forging a very pure metal called tamahagane. So, what load did they really carry? We will explain it to you based on the weight of a Japanese sword. ![]() At that time, there were no means of transportation, and it was normal to walk several dozen kilometers. How much does a katana weigh?ĭuring the Edo period, warriors carried two Japanese swords at their waist, one Uchinata and the other Wakizashi. Let's take a closer look at the weight of Japanese katanas and the differences in the way they feel when held in the hand. ![]() We see brilliant katana wielding in period wars, but how heavy is a real Japanese katana? Katanas are quite heavy because they are weapons from a time before the advent of light metals. Compared to the swords of other countries, Japanese katanas have a slim and elegant appearance, which gives them an image of lightness and weightlessness. |
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